Role of Human Nature and Contributing Factors in Crime

Understanding crime requires an in-depth analysis of human nature—our psychological makeup, biological tendencies, and social behaviors. Human nature is not inherently criminal, but certain traits, vulnerabilities, and environmental interactions can lead to deviant or unlawful acts.

1. Biological Perspective

The biological perspective focuses on genetic, neurochemical, and physiological factors that may predispose individuals to criminal behavior.

  • Genetic Influences

    • Criminal tendencies may run in families.

    • Twin and adoption studies suggest heritability in antisocial behavior.

    • MAOA gene (also called "warrior gene") linked with aggression under stress.

  • Neurobiological Abnormalities

    • Brain imaging shows reduced prefrontal cortex activity in violent offenders.

    • Amygdala dysfunction may impair emotional regulation and empathy.

    • Hormonal imbalances, such as elevated testosterone, correlate with aggression.

  • Prenatal and Early Life Factors

    • Exposure to toxins (e.g., lead), malnutrition, or maternal drug use may impact later behavior.

    • Birth complications linked with later violent or impulsive conduct.

  • Physiological Arousal

    • Low resting heart rate is associated with risk-taking and sensation-seeking.

    • Poor autonomic nervous system regulation may reduce fear of punishment.

  • Criticism

    • Biological theories often neglect environmental and social influences.

    • Risk of deterministic thinking and ethical concerns around labeling.

2. Sociological Perspective

This approach emphasizes how society, culture, and social structures contribute to criminal behavior.

  • Strain Theory (Merton)

    • Crime results from the pressure to achieve societal goals (e.g., wealth) without equal access to legitimate means.

    • Individuals may resort to crime when they feel blocked or excluded.

  • Social Learning Theory (Bandura/Sutherland)

    • Criminal behavior is learned through observation and imitation of others.

    • Association with deviant peers increases likelihood of criminal acts.

  • Social Disorganization Theory

    • High crime rates are linked with community breakdown, poverty, and lack of social control.

    • Unstable neighborhoods foster deviant norms.

  • Labeling Theory

    • Being labeled a “criminal” can reinforce deviant identity and behavior.

    • Stigmatization may increase recidivism and social alienation.

  • Cultural Norms and Subcultures

    • Some subcultures normalize violence, gang activity, or theft.

    • Youth may adopt criminal values as survival or status strategies.

3. Psychological Perspective

The psychological view explores how personality, cognition, emotions, and developmental factors relate to crime.

  • Personality Traits

    • High impulsivity, low empathy, narcissism, and aggression linked to antisocial behavior.

    • Traits associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy.

  • Cognitive Distortions

    • Offenders may rationalize harmful behavior (e.g., blaming the victim, minimizing harm).

    • Faulty moral reasoning and low problem-solving skills are common.

  • Attachment and Developmental Theories

    • Poor early attachment with caregivers may lead to emotional detachment and aggression.

    • Childhood trauma and abuse are significant risk factors.

  • Mental Illness and Crime

    • While most mentally ill people are not violent, some disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder with psychosis) may contribute to criminal acts.

    • Substance use often co-occurs and exacerbates risk.

  • Behavioral and Learning Models

    • Criminal behavior is shaped by reinforcement (rewards) and punishment.

    • Lack of punishment or reward for deviance encourages repetition.

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