biocentrism

     Definition of Personality Personality refers to the unique and consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals. It encompasses traits that are relatively stable over time and across situations. Personality influences how a person reacts to the environment and interacts with others. Assessment of Personality 1. Self-Report Inventories Standardized questionnaires where individuals rate their own behaviors and feelings. Objective and easy to administer. Example: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) , Big Five Inventory . 2. Projective Techniques Based on the idea that people project unconscious feelings onto ambiguous stimuli. Useful for exploring deep emotions or internal conflicts. Example: Rorschach Inkblot Test , Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) . 3. Behavioral Assessments Observation of behavior in controlled or natural settings. Focuses on actions rather than internal t...

  Definition and Types of Motives 'Motives are internal drives or forces that stimulate, direct, and sustain behavior towards achieving a goal.''   They are the psychological reasons behind actions, influencing why people do what they do. Motives arise from biological needs, social desires, or personal aspirations, creating purposeful behavior aimed at satisfying those needs or desires. ''Motivation is the process by which motives are activated and maintained, and it explains the initiation, intensity, direction, and persistence of behavior.''  Types of Motives Motives can be broadly classified into two main categories: A. Biological (Primary) Motives These are innate, physiological needs essential for survival and biological functioning. They are universal and not learned. Hunger: Drives the search for food to maintain energy and bodily functions. Thirst: Stimulates drinking water to maintain fluid balance. Sleep: The need for rest and recup...

  Abnormal Behaviour and Treatment Introduction Abnormal behaviour refers to patterns of emotion, thought, and action that are significantly different from cultural norms and cause distress or impairment to the individual or others. It often indicates the presence of mental disorders, which require proper diagnosis and treatment. 1. Nature and Cause of Mental Disorders Nature: Mental disorders are psychological syndromes characterized by clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour. These disturbances reflect dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Causes: Mental disorders are generally considered to arise from a complex interplay of factors: Biological factors: Genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, neuroanatomical abnormalities, infections, or injury. Psychological factors: Trauma, stress, maladaptive learning, and cognitive distortions. Environmental factors: Soci...

  Sensation Definition: Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. It is the first step in the chain of information processing. Characteristics: Passive process Involves detection of raw data (stimuli) Does not involve interpretation Sensory Organs and Their Functions: Eyes (Vision): Detect light Ears (Audition): Detect sound waves Skin (Touch): Detect pressure, pain, temperature Nose (Olfaction): Detect smell molecules Tongue (Gustation): Detect taste Sensory Processing Definition: Sensory processing is the way the nervous system receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate motor and behavioral responses. Steps of Sensory Processing: Reception: Detection of stimulus by sensory organs Transduction: Conversion of stimulus into neural signals Transmission: Sending signals to the brain Interpretation: Brain assigns meaning to the signals Importance of Sensory P...

  1. Your Secret Weapon: Your Mind In sport psychology, the mind is considered the athlete’s most powerful and underutilized tool. While physical training builds muscles and endurance, mental training sharpens focus, resilience, and performance under pressure. The athlete's ability to control thoughts, emotions, and behavior often determines success in high-stakes environments. The Role of the Mind in Sport Performance The mind influences how an athlete perceives challenges, manages stress, and adapts to changing conditions. Performance is not solely determined by talent or physical preparation but also by: Attention control: The ability to stay focused and avoid distractions. Emotional regulation: Managing anxiety, fear, and frustration. Decision-making: Making fast, confident choices under pressure. Confidence: Believing in one’s ability to perform. Athletes who train their minds can maintain consistency and bounce back from failure faster than those who rel...